Bacteria and Living Organism Parasites Essay Example for Free

Bacteria and Living Organism Parasites Essay Describe what is meant by infection and colonisation. Infection – is an invasion to body tissues from a disease- caused microorganism. Colonisation – is multiplication of microorganisms without tissue invasion or damage. Explain what is meant by â€Å"systemic infection and localized infection† Systemic – is when infection is distributed throughout the whole body. Localized – is when infection is limited to a specific part of the body. 2. 5 Identify poor practises that may lead to the spread of infection. If you don’t wash your hands, not wearing personal protective clothing, not clearing surroundings, not covering your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough. Understand the transmission of infection. Explain the conditions needed for the growth of microorganisms. Microorganisms need something to feed on such as dairy products, raw eggs and uncooked fish. Moisture- the microorganisms will not grow in dry conditions. Warmth/ temperature – there are two types that grow in low temperatures and some that grow in high temperatures. Psychorphiles will grow in less than 20c and thermophiles which will grow above 45c. Time – with the right food, moisture and temperature the microorganisms will divide in to two every 20minutes. . 7 Explain the ways an infective agent might enter the body. Main ways are through the mouth, lungs, cuts , touch and other external organs such as eyes also they can enter through genitals and mixing body fluids.   Identify common source of infection. Infections can be spread and caught though having contact with another person who has the infection or even some infections can be air bourn Explain how infec tive agents can be transmitted to a person. Transmitting infections can be done in different ways such as coughing and sneezing on someone, touching an infected person including sexual contact, touching contaminated surfaces, contaminated food, or if microorganisms can remain in the air for long periods of time. 3. 10 Identify the key factors that will make it more likely that infection will occur. It is most likely to occur when a person has a low immune system, is on long term antibiotics or has bad hygiene when treating a wound.

Teenage Wasteland Essay Example for Free

Teenage Wasteland Essay Many mothers make mistakes with their first child. They may not give them enough attention, or they may give them too much attention. In the two short stories â€Å"I stand Here Ironing† by Tillie Olsen and â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† by Anne Tyler, both of the mothers reflect back on the struggle they had raising their first child. They talk about how they handled situations and what they would change if they could do it over. Both â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† and â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† depict a mother struggling with guilt, thereby showing the difficulties involved in raising children. Lastly, both stories depict mothers struggling with guilt over past decisions made concerning their first child. In â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† the mother regrets that she didn’t have the knowledge then, that she does now. She shows this when she says â€Å"My wisdom came too late† (Olsen 813). The mother feels that she did better raising her other children, and only made mistakes concerning her first child. When she looks at her daughter’s life she finds herself wishing she could have done more for her. Just like in â€Å"I Stand Here Ironing† by Olsen, â€Å"Teenage Wasteland† by Tyler also depicts a mother struggling with guilt over decisions she made while raising her son. The author shows the mothers helplessness by saying â€Å"Had she really done all she could have? † (Tyler 1170). The mother felt helpless in the problems with her son, and feels guilty for not trying to do more. She also wonders if she had really done all that she could have to help her son or if she pushed him too much. Both mothers struggled with guilt and the consequences of their decisions concerning their first child. There are many difficulties that arise while raising children; these short stories are about two mothers that both struggled with the guilt of their decisions involving their first child. The majority of new mothers make mistakes with their children that they later regret. It’s all part of learning the best way to do things and finding the way through unfamiliar territory.

Analysis of Contract Types in Construction

Analysis of Contract Types in Construction It consists of the Guest Rooms, Restaurant, Swimming Pools, Dance Studios, Health and Fitness Centre, Conference and Meeting Rooms. On the other hand, Electricity Power Supply System, Electrical Low Voltage System, Fire Services System, Central Air-conditioning System, Plumbing Drainage System, Passenger Services Lifts with cargo lift services and Building structural finishing and furnishing were re-structured and re-designed respectively into three nos. of hotels. Cause of reconstruction As three nos. of the Cinnamon Grand hotels were found destroyed by the adverse weather and several storms in August 2012, the reconstruction work was required with consent of the Hotel Management Board. Background information Profile of Consultant firm We are a consultancy service company namely ES Architect Consultant Service Company Limited, which has been established in United Kingdom since 1976. Our business covers consultancy service, construction work, renovation work, facilities property management, leasing agency, interior design and various engineering etc. Our professional team involves competent person such as registered professional, structural and geotechnical engineer etc. Recently, we are appointed to manage the reconstruction work for a hotel called Cinnamon Hotel. Subsequently, we undertake to carry out the aforesaid reconstruction work according to requirement of the client as hotels landlord. Re-open business time of the hotels will be anticipated implemented from 1st March 2013 and completed on or before 1st April 2014. To facilitate and ensure that the potential guests could enjoy their journey in the hotels after the reconstruction work in phase 1, we propose divide the work into two phases. The Roofs, Guest rooms, Restaurant and Swimming pools will be scheduled in phase 1. The Dance studios, Health and Fitness centre, Conference and Meeting rooms will be scheduled in phase 2. In order to create the prestigious and retain heritage style with traditional England design in the hotel at the town, grand design is highly required. Details information of the concerned facilities is listed below; Background information Schedule of project in Phase 1 Three ply waterproof design for three nos. of the roofs per one block of the hotel will be proposed, its lifecycle will anticipate fifteen years to replace approximately and repair cost will anticipate fifty hundred pounds per year; Roman design for the whole block (include external wall), lobbies and twenty nos. of the general guest rooms, Rococo design for twenty nos. of the general guest rooms and traditional England design for ten nos. of the president suite rooms will be proposed. Total guest rooms nos. is fifty per one block of the hotels; Continental with open kitchen design and three teams local cook lead by a chef for three nos. of the restaurant per one block of the hotels will be proposed; Alfresco indoor swimming pool with spa, massage and steam services, which is provide the thermostat system for six nos. swimming pools per one block of the hotels will be proposed. Schedule of project in Phase 2 Diversity with musical system will be set-up in the dance studios per one block of the hotel will be proposed; Professional tutors will be arranged in the health and fitness centre per one block of the hotels will be proposed; High technology multimedia system and audio-visual with record system will be set-up in the conference and meeting rooms per one block of the hotels will be proposed. Objectives Clients Requirement In view of the above arrangement of reconstruction work for three nos. of the hotels, our client is concerned with the work commencement date and completion date, which must be regarded as the first priority because the peak travel season is coming soon. Therefore, the schedule of reconstruction work should cope with the demand in order to raise the competitive predominance in the same district. Also, other major concern is no in-house experience and insufficient staff to conduct the above reconstruction work in order to avoid any nuisance and contingency occurrence emerge in the phase one and two involve cost, time and quality control. To cope with the above potential risk avoidance, we would establish clear statement for scope of work, terms conditions and penalty for liquidated damage to potential contractors. Especially, we would strictly to supervise and monitoring the service provision after the phase one project to let the potential guests enjoy their journey in the hotels. Budget by Client The client has sufficient cash flow to disburse the above reconstruction work cost in approximately at  £ $120,000,000.00 (120 Million). Recommendation Type of contract After collecting and ponder the above information with more concern, we decide to propose Design and Build contract method to our client. This method can not only to solve the technical issue deficient from client but also to avoid any variation order incurred in the future (such as budget to limit). In addition, design, materials and method suggestion of three nos. of the hotels have special ways to handle, quote instance, engrave technique for beam of Roman design in the whole block, external wall, lobbies, guest rooms, spa, massage and steam tanks with room facilities which are need to high technology and special order to complete. Design and Build contract method is highly required. In order to enhance knowledge for advantage and disadvantage for the Design and Build to our client, details are listed as below:. Analysis Advantages and Disadvantages of type of contract Advantages of Design and Build: Deduction of the Costs, Time, and Mistakes These design and build contractors are specialists in appointing both design and construction experts and making the process much easier for the property owner. For example, there is no need to hire variety of the contractors to carry out all aspects of the building project and arrangements with other subcontractors; Individual responsible party it is efficient to avoid conflict and confuse any communication between the various parties involvement; Costs saving Under a responsible party, it is more efficient due to avoidable duplication of manpower and both the design and building processes in the same company, the information between the two coincides. That means the cost of reconstruction work will be well controlled within budget because there is less possibility of miscommunication when the same design contractor is managing the two phases. Since the company is aware of the whole budget limitation, she is able to quickly and accurately determine if particular changes would put the reconstruction work over budget. Time Saving The Design and Build process could eliminate other the competitive bidding process that often adds to the project completion time. Furthermore, if the design and construction portion occur at the same time, it would save lead time during the course of the reconstruction work; Improved Risk Management Every aspect of the project has been carefully developed through the collaboration of the contractor, designer, builder, and client. Each party involved is aware of what theyre responsible for and has coordinated their efforts with one another. The process becomes more efficient to reduce the amount of risk involved; Increased Quality Control On the one hand, under a responsible party for every steps of the process promotes the more cohesive approach to the remodel. One party orchestrating each aspect of the remodel assures that the standards are met throughout and the goal is more accurately communicated On the other hand, one of the significant reasons that the clients tend to prefer adopting of the Design and Build contractors because of their ability to handle everything in house. This is very appealing to clients because it means that no one will cut corners with quality of materials or labor. It is also very beneficial to have the same contractor work for the project from start to finish. Disadvantages of Design and Build: In the past, the design phase and the build phase were separated. Firstly, the building is designed by architects. Secondly, contractors analyze the architectural design and bid on the amount that it will cost to construct the project. Thirdly, once the bid amount is agreed upon, construction takes place. When the two phases are separated, it often leads to problems. It is not uncommon for the client to become unhappy when the design conflicts with what can be built. In order to eliminate this issue, you can now use design build contractors which integrate both the design and build phase together. Conclusion Construction project delivery is changing before our eyes. Design-build once known as only one of alternative project delivery may now be the most preferred method. 1 [G. William Quatman (2003) The Architects Guide to Design-Build Services]. After collecting the above information and the requirements from our client, the Design and Build contracting methodology for transportation projects represents a significant change in the way projects, which are managed and delivered by transportation agencies. An important aspect of the Design and Build contracting methodology is developing collaboration and the business relationship between the project engineering/architect and construction contractor. The interaction of the construction contractor with the designer working as a team represents a culture shift from the traditional design and construction project team work together to resolve project design and constructability issues to deliver a quality product in an efficient manner. There is need to perform quickly on the projects, as it is in emergency the owners put the teams together to get the work completion. The complicated problems are always solved the more efficiently and with optimal solutions through collaboration. Collaboration occurs throughout a Design and Build project, not only within the Design and Build / construction team, but also with the owners.

Smoking Essay -- Tobacco Cigarettes

Smoking Introduction Some governments have banned smoking in all public places. Smoking has been proven to be very dangerous to health. Nonetheless 40 % of the population smokes. Actually I am a non smoker, although I used to be a smoker. Most people try out smoking when they are young ; many youths think smoking is a good grown-up habit. Furthermore many young people begin smoking as an act of rebellion and independence. Young smokers start smoking at their age of 12 or 13 just to get a taste of , what it is like. Some of them find it disgusting and unhealthy and some of them find it cool. Fact’s and Figures Tobacco use kills about 420, 000 smokers each year. According to recent studies 53.000 nonsmokers die each year from second-hand smoking. It is not surprising. Despite having plenty of anti-tobacco commercials on Television, and on every single pack of cigarettes there being an important note, chainsmokers can’t kick their bad habit. In Hungary a packet of cigarettes costs around 2 Euros. The average smoker buys a packet a day which comes to 730 Euros per year. Could you imagine , what you could do with all that money? Government intervention in the workplace Last month while I was reading the newspaper, I came across this article: „Smoking is not allowed in any public places anymore.† I found this ministerial decree, a very good decision, due to there being many smokers in my workplace. There is no assigned smoking area for them. As a consequence I ...

Arapesh and Embedded vs. Disembedded economy :: Essays Papers

Arapesh and Embedded vs. Disembedded economy Polanyi says, regarding the economy, â€Å"the economic process†¦.is embedded in noneconomic institutions.† An embedded economy is an economy in which economic activities occur such as, production and distribution; however other activities, which are not economic also occur. Activities such as forming friendships or helping other people may be happening, but it might just seem like the normal economic process because it is an embedded economy. When Polanyi says that the economy is â€Å"embedded in noneconomic institutions† he means that while economic activity is occurring, it is occurring for noneconomic reasons. The economic activity may be occurring in order to continue a friendship or help someone. Activities in an embedded economy often seem like they are not economic activities. They seem like this because usually the reason the economic activity is occurring is for noneconomic reasons. For example, if two bakers both produce wheat bread, but do not eat their own, instead they exchange bread, because they want to have a reason to be friends. This situation does not seem like economic activity, it seems like two people sharing their food. It actually is economic activity, because the two bakers are both producing and distributing their bread. So, even though the bakers are only exchanging the bread because they want to maintain their friendship, what they are doing is an economic activity that would happen in an embedded economy. Today most economic activity is considered to be part of a disembedded economy. In a disembedded economy, economic activity occurs only for economic reasons, so it is the opposite of an embedded economy. Economic activity is completely independent from such institutions as family or friendship. An example, of activity in a disembedded economy is a person going to a grocery store and buying bread. There is no other institution involved in the economic process of production and distribution of the bread which is why this would occur in a disembedded economy. The producer of the bread is making the bread so that he can sell it and get money for it, the consumer is buying the bread so it will belong to him. Economic activities of production and distribution are perceived by the Arapesh to just be part of their society. Everything that the Arapesh use and take care of daily belongs to someone else, whether it is their trees or pigs. The Arapesh believe that they must share what they own with the other Arapesh to help them survive.

Essay --

Austin Gutierrez Mr. Saluga Honors English 10 14 January, 2014 Physical Therapists When the occupation of â€Å"Physical Therapist† or â€Å"PT’ is mentioned, most people would think of a professional that works to rehabilitate athletes. This is partially correct because not only do physical therapists work at athletic facilities, but at hospitals, nursing homes, and physician offices as well (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Physical therapists work hard and stay on their feet constantly to help someone to the best of their ability (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Being a physical therapist is a spectacular job option for those who will focus on their education, licensing, and training to flourish in a job territory that is vastly increasing. To become a successful physical therapist, a large amount of education, experience, and licensing is needed. Prior to entering college, it would be in ones best interest to take the courses anatomy, biology, physics, and health. These courses can grant the individual background information and assist when going through tougher courses later in life. The first plan of action for someone pursuing this career path would be to earn their Bachelor’s Degree consisting of undergraduate/ pre PT courses. After obtaining this degree, the individual is able to attempt his Doctor of Physical Therapy Degree or â€Å"DPT†. Content areas during both of these programs include the aforementioned suggested courses plus other topics such as finance, clinical reasoning, evidence-based practice, endocrine/metabolic functioning, and musculoskeletal usage. The lengths of these programs are typically 3 years long each (Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education: Version 2004 ). All PTs must receive a graduat... ...e a long and tedious journey. However, in the end, all the hard work pays off. American Physical Therapy Association. Normative Model of Physical Therapist Professional Education. Version 2004. PT Evaluative Criteria: Revised January 2014. Published: October 26, 2004. Print "Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career." Benefits of a Physical Therapist Career. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Career as a Physical Therapist." Salary Site. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "ExploreHealthCareers.org." Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014. "Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview." Physical Therapist (PT) Education Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Role of a Physical Therapist." Role of a Physical Therapist. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 8 Jan. 2014. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.

Ethical and Legal Systems of Health Care Organizations Essay

Aetna Incorporated, a health care plan company, is one of the American leading companies in diversified benefits of a range of traditional and consumer directed health care insurance services. It includes vast service offerings in health care insurance from mental and behavioral health to long-term care benefits and other health-related care and concerns . (Aetna, 2007a; Wikipedia, 2007) Moreover, it is the nation’s pioneer in full-service health insurer that proffers a consumer-oriented health plan. Aetna provides its members with the opportunity to reach out on suitable tools and comprehensible information for them to perform based decisions regarding health and financial interest (Aetna, 2007a). For over 150 years, Aetna has been committed to supporting people in attaining health and financial security. The company establishes information and necessary resources to work for its members and clients for them to execute â€Å"better-informed decisions about their health care. Currently, Aetna membership numbers up to 15. 7 million (M) medical members, around 13. 7 M dental members and around 10. 5 pharmacy members (Aetna, 2007a). In terms of health care networks, it holds on more than 783,000 health care professionals, 458,000 major care doctors and specialists, 4,681 hospitals and a network called AexcelSM, of specialist physicians. Aetna is also the provider of benefits through national employers of small, mid-sized and large multi-state scales in all 50 states, as well as individuals and Medicare recipients in certain markets. Aetna: Code of Conduct The company’s Code of Conduct contains a unique and consistent set of values and standards of integrity and business practices. It mediates in guiding the company in complying with the laws, regulations and ethical standards that controls Aetna’s business functions (Aetna, 2006). According to the preface message of Aetna’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and President Dr. Ronald A. Williams, every company’s employee, officer, and director is expected to follow the Code of Conduct because: a) it is the expectations of the customers from the company; b) they have a vow to live b their values, and; c) they would be functioning with the utmost principles of fair and ethical business guidelines given that they follow the contained guidelines in all their business aspects. However, the Code cannot cover all situations and Dr. Williams encourages the assistance or guidance of The Aetna Way and their Ethical Decision-Making Framework (to be discussed later in this paper) to conduct sound decisions and take the right actions in performing Aetna business practices. Ethical System The Code of Conduct contains ten (10) specific areas of topics in which the company discusses some policies on specific matters. The first one or Statement 1 deals with Conflicts of Interest that in general regards with the company’s requirement that its employees, officers and directors to keep away form real or obvious conflicts of interest to protect Aetna’s reputation. There should be avoidance in ownership interests or participation in excluded activities that would create a conflict of interest or interference in performing of a job. This requires reporting to the manager and compliance officer for review and sanction of affiliations on hand or ownership concerns that involves him or her or a family member or even a close friend residing in a home such as any positions with any â€Å"business, nonprofit organization or government entity that is an Aetna competitor, customer, provider or supplier† or for other cause or motives that may induce conflict of interest, and; getting hold of a considerable amount of partnership in possession of interest in any business or even partnership. However, the determination of conflicts of interest might sometimes be blurry and hence, guidance of a compliance officer might come necessary. There are also guidelines in the affiliations and interest of the Director and are not far-related to what have been discussed previously, and the review by the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee must also re regarded relevant. There are also guidelines and rules in accepting or giving gifts; travel, entertainment and honorarium; discounts and preferential treatment; and loans and guarantees of obligations. Statement 2 deals with record-keeping and use of the company’s property and resources which should be entirely legal and proper. This is so since Aetna and any other companies for that matter, is mandatory to submit relevant documents, reports and public communication to the Securities and Exchange Commission and other regulators that also includes disclosure in a manner that is whole, impartial, accurate, timely and comprehensible. All of the company’s resources and property such s e-mail, internet and other computing and communications systems should only be used for the company’s purpose. Bribes and other illegal payments are also strongly discouraged by the company. Statement 3 embarks on fraud, dishonesty and criminal conduct since these apparently affect Aetna’s reputation and continued success. Hence, all business functions must be performed with honesty and with compliance with applicable laws, regulations and ethics rules. Statement 4 is with regards with protecting member and other confidential information of members, employees and the company itself from any inappropriate access, use or disclosure. This is also in integration and compliance with federal and state privacy and security laws that is applicable to the company. Private company information refers to member information, the company’s professional interests, and other relevant information about its clients, subordinates and even suppliers that might be used against the company or for the benefit of its competitor. This is applicable in the course of being under Aetna or after the affiliation with the company. Statement 5 deals with the company’s business and trade practices which should be complied with honesty and integrity since Aetna has its own laws and regulations that apply to the company’s business which are under federal law. The company’s Record and Management Policy is also strongly encouraged to be followed. Statement 6 encourages the company’s subordinates to support Aetna to be a responsible and trustworthy government contractor since the company treasures winning and keeping government contracts. This can be achieved by following federal, state and local laws that regards with government contracting and procurement. Employment laws must be also strictly complied with. The Code is also concerned with proper employment practices and welfare as well as the appropriateness of its workplace (Statement 7). The company complies with policies and programs that ensure the inclusiveness and safety or the workplace for its employees and business partners, promote fairness and respect for all, and promote a working environment where diversity and inclusion are appreciated. Federal laws that discourage discrimination, harassment, special personal relationships, violence and vices are strongly administered by the company. Such laws that are complied with in the company are the Equal Employment Opportunity and the Affirmative Action, which takes away the basing of business decisions on individual’s characters (such as sex, race, color, nationality, age and others; and the company’s very own Alcohol and Drug Policy that prohibits distribution, possession, use, purchase or sell of alcoholic beverages and illegal or prescription substances and drugs. Statement 8 deals with Aetna’s securities transactions which prohibits trade securities if an individual has no material nonpublic information about particular securities. Under this code, all are expected to comply to all insider trading and securities federal laws and the company’s own relevant regulations. Also included dealing and transacting with securities matters and management and secrecy of private information. The company and a subordinate could face civil and criminal consequence for insider trading since insider trading is unethical and unlawful. The statement also discusses on â€Å"material information† relevant in decision-making that concerns any transactions on the company’s securities. Statement 9 deals with the company’s interaction whether private or public to any external institution such as media organizations and even with the federal government. Anyone in close relation to the company and even its subordinates should not speak in behalf of Aetna only there was consent or authorization from the Board of Directors to take such action. Personal views should also be kept separate from the company’s view. He funds of the company should not be also utilized to engage on a lobbyist or to make a political donation except authorized by the Government relations. These are for the protection of Aetna’s reputation and an individual as well, under compliance of laws. Finally, Statement 10 deals with Aetna’s intellectual property. Apparently valuable, such property must be protected from improper use or disclosure whether owned by the company or licensed from others. Intellectual properties of the company must be controlled the legal and proper way. Usage of such property must be under approval of an internal legal counsel and in accordance with the Aetna Intellectual Property Guide. Policies on Aetna’s intellectual properties are also extended to the websites, videos, music and publications. Aetna’s ethical system as contained in its own Code of Conduct presents a vast range of policies that protects the reputation, integrity, security and welfare of both the company itself and its subordinates and members. As discussed above there are specific policies or code of ethics from recordkeeping, employee’s equal opportunity and to intellectual property rights. According to the company, all policies are established in compliance with federal laws. The company’s policies regarding conflicts of interest and confidentiality have general basis as concluded by the study in a position paper from the Society for Health and Human Values and Society for Bioethics Consultation Task Force on Standards for Bioethics Consultation (Aulisio, 2000). One of their conclusions is that, abuse of power and conflicts of interest must be avoided in health care companies. This is so since ethics consultants have the authority and power to influence clinical care and such power can be exploited. Since conflicts of interest can be partial to consultants’ recommendations, important personal or professional linkages with one or more parties should be disclosed and be get rid of. In addition, the personal concerns of the consultants may be affected by giving advice that could act against the company’s financial or public relations concerns. Policies that concern on recordkeeping and use of the company’s property and resources, and insider trading are all in accordance to federal laws specifically in the Securites Exchange Act of 1933 and 1934 (USSEC, 2007). The two basic objectives of the former it that to mandate investors or companies receive financial and other relevant information regarding securities being offered for public sale and forbid â€Å"deceit, misrepresentations, and other fraud† in the sale of securities. The latter states that insider trading is illegal when an individual trades a security while in ownership of nonpublic material information in disobedience of an obligation to withhold the said information or renouncement from trading. On the other hand, policies regarding the company’s employment practices are also observed in compliance with federal employment laws. Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws prohibit job discrimination which covers almost all private employers, state and local governments, educational institutions and even the federal government (USEEOC, 2005). The said law is enforced by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission and also complies with the American College of Healthcare Executives or ACHE (ACHE, 2003). Overall, Aetna covers the essential and core ethic issues in accordance to federal laws.